| [Member (365WT)]answers [Chinese ] | Time :2019-10-29 | Instinct
C. Darwin's theory of evolution proves that humans and animals are a continuous system from the perspective of biological development. Many people have introduced Darwin's biological evolutionary viewpoint into psychology, thereby restoring human motives to the motives of ordinary animals and proposing instinct. On the basis of instinct, the past theory of will and reason is replaced. W. Mai Du is a representative of instinct. He enumerates dozens of instincts of man. He advocates that instinct is a natural tendency, that is, exceptional for certain objects. Sensitive and subjectively accompanied by a specific emotion.He believes that instinct is a purposeful behavior. Although the nature of external situations that cause instinct behavior can be changed due to learning, the patterns of certain behavioral responses can be adjusted, but the core emotions of instinct cannot be changed. Instinct At the beginning of the 20th century, according to LL Bernard's calculation in 1924, there were thousands of instincts proposed at the time. In fact, there is any instinct that corresponds to what kind of behavior. For example, war is due to aggressive instinct, agglomeration It is due to the instinct of saving. Such an explanation is obviously only a squash in the text, so it has been widely criticized. Chinese psychologist Guo Renyuan put forward the idea of "abandoning instinct", which is better than the American behaviorist JB Watson. Go further...
Motivation theory combined with instinct and learning
И.П. Pavlov's unconditional stimuli strengthening effect and E.L. Sandek's law of effect, as well as Watson's acquired learning theory, all emphasize the effect of practice on the basis of affirmative instinct. B.F. Skinner's theory of operating conditional reflexes emphasizes the role of reinforcement. It is believed that any activity will be strengthened as long as it is followed by a positive reward. Without reward, the activity will disappear. Skinner believes that instinct is an unverifiable hypothesis, so he simply denies the concept.
Psychoanalytic theory
S. Freud believes that people have two major instincts: one is survival instinct, such as diet and sex; the other is death instinct, such as cruelty and suicide. But these two instincts are not free to develop in real life, and are often suppressed. These repressed unconscious impulses are revealed in dreams, sorrows, and typos, as well as in many neurological symptoms. They also appear in sublimation or other decorative forms in daily life.
Freud uses the three levels of self, self and super-ego to explain the psychological dynamic relationship. In this way, Freud's unconscious motives shift from emphasizing instinct to paying attention to the influence of social factors. This movement has become the core of motivation theory in many schools of new psychoanalysis.
Drive mechanics
The American physiologist W. B. Cannon proposed the concept of steady state, and believed that the organism must maintain the balance of the internal environment. Regardless of metabolic factors such as body temperature, blood, hormones, and nutrition, imbalances need to be adjusted. The autonomic nervous system is the institution of this kind of adjustment, and its activities are unconscious. But as biofeedback techniques have shown, these processes can also be placed under the control of the central nervous system and become conscious behavior.
C. Hull believes that the body needs to drive, and the drive forces the body to move, but what kind of activity or reaction is caused depends on the objects in the environment. As long as the driving state exists, the external appropriate stimulus will cause certain Reaction. The link between this reaction and the stimulus is inherent. If the reaction weakens the tension of the drive, then the link between the reaction and the stimulus is enhanced as is the mechanism of conditioning. The cumulative effect of the second reinforcement, the habit itself has also gained the drive. Therefore, Hull believes that the intensity of the behavior is determined by the congenital stimulus-reaction link and the acquired habits..In order to explain the reward and punishment of the environment, Hull proposed the concept of incentives in the structure of his motivation theory. Hull also believes that the conditional suppression proposed by Pavlov can offset the effect of driving excitement. In general, His theory can be illustrated as follows: Hull's motivational theory diagram D drive K inducer H habit I suppress E excitement S stimulate R reaction..
Instinctive theory
From the instinct's development process, Freud divides the development of "Ribido" into the lip period, the anus stage and the genital stage. At a certain stage of development, the indulgence of instinct or the instinct of the instinct to be unsatisfied will cause it to stagnate at this stage, called fixation. Instinctive setbacks even cause brutal attacks. This frustration-attack theory has been widely circulated in modern social psychology and psychiatry.
The theory of habitual development of habits, especially the many studies of KZ Lorenz and N. Timbergen, has recently received great attention. They argue that the behaviors that satisfy the needs can be instinctive or can be a special object. Orientation. If there is no special directional target, the behavior is random. Only when the appropriate symbolic stimulus is found, the behavior will have a fixed pattern (see fixed action mode). Internal stimuli such as hormones and extrinsic motivation can be Produces energy that requires external symbolic stimuli (environmental cues) to be released. Thereafter, the behavior changes as the environment demands.If there are two contradictory symbolic stimuli in the environment, then the fixed behavior pattern will change, and Tingbergen calls it a translocation. In the face of two contradictory symbolic stimuli, the behavior will translocate to another motivational instinct system. The habit school pays attention to the critical period of instinct development. It is believed that in the sensitive stage of the critical period, if the unusual symbolic stimulus is used instead of the instinctual stimulus, the former can also replace the latter as a strong excitation object. But this is with the conditioned reflex. Some differences, it focuses on sensitivity to symbolic stimuli during critical periods, and missed critical periods can cause functional failure. This imprinting theory is valued in some modern development theories and educational practices...
Cognitive motivation theory
American psychologist E. Tolman proposed the purpose of behavior through experimental research on animals, that is, the motivation of behavior is to expect something, or to avoid certain nasty things. With experience, we also hope to pass certain Ways or means to achieve the purpose of our actions. This is the starting point of the theory of expectation. However, the theory of motivation not only explains how people are promoted, but also explains why he is so active and not so active. There are many different ways, but why does one take this one instead of the other? This will investigate how he views the causal relationship of things..Because people are based on their understanding of causality and take the means to achieve the goal. This is the attribution theory. So the theory of expectation and attribution theory can be said to be the linkage of cognitive motivation theory...
Expectation theory is intended to solve two problems of motivation: what is expected, that is, the possibility of achieving the purpose, and the value of the purpose. In order to solve these two problems, E. Fromm proposed a numerical model of □ (likelihood rate) and □ (potency) of expectation and valence. Simply put, the size of a person's effort is a function of the likelihood of achieving the goal and the potency of the goal. Since the titer and the likelihood ratio are inversely proportional, the likelihood ratio equal to 0.5 is optimal. A person with high achievement motivation often adopts a moderately difficult goal.
E. Locke believes that the goal is the decision-making power of motivation, and that it has the highest standards to achieve the highest achievement. However, this goal must be consciously proposed and specific. If you only propose a general goal of "doing your best", the result will not be the result of the specific indicators. In this way, Locke's theory contains the "instrumentality" element in Fromm's expectation theory. Therefore, the two theories are not completely in conflict.
If the expectation theory can explain a person doing this instead of doing it, people have to ask: how is the expectation formed? The attribution theory explains this. F. Hyde believes that the daily causal concept does not come from logic. Reasoning. From the point of view of the phenomenological theory of gestaltism, he believes that the causal concept of the average person comes from the common sense of simplification and generalization of complex phenomena. For example, if a person succeeds in work, he can be attributed to his own efforts or ability to fail. It is attributed to the conditions of the environment or the fault of others. Therefore, attribution can be divided into endogenous (such as their own efforts or capabilities) and external (such as environmental conditions or opportunities). Internal and external attribution, can also Divided into stable and unstable.Both are endogenous, endowment is a stable attribution, and effort is an unstable attribution. For example, one attributes failure to not working, and another attribute to endowment, which results in two outcomes. A completely different motive. Attributable to not working hard, you can use the spirit of excitement to recover the defeat; due to a stupid head, you will not work hard. Obviously, attribution is not necessarily the real reason, but only subjectively The reason for success or failure will dictate how a person will do it...
Cognitive dissonance theory
L. Festinger uses cognitive dissonance as a driving force, arguing that it forces people to change their attitudes in exchange for cognitive balance, some similar to the psychoanalytic school. The fox looked at the sweet grape bun, but it was unattainable, so the grape was sour, to comfort himself. Through the understanding of contradictions in understanding, the driving force needed will be alleviated. So cognitive dissonance theory is actually a theory of motivation.
Neural mechanism of motivation
The network structure is the activation mechanism of the activity, and its activities obviously have the nature of driving. For the activity, the excitation state is too low, the environmental cues are not easy to attract attention; the excitation state is too high, and the unrelated environmental cues will exceed the threshold. Instead, it interferes with the concentration of attention. Therefore, whether the environmental clues cause the activity to have a close relationship with the excited state of the network structure. At the same time, the different levels of the excited state of the network structure are only expressed as all the stimulus. The responses are strong or weak, not sensitive to some stimuli but slow to others. This is consistent with the general or strong weak nature of the driving force of motivation. The limbic system is also Motivation has a close relationship.The study found that stimulating the medial forebrain bundle of the limbic system causes more intense positive behavior than diet and sexual stimulation, so some people call it a happy center (similar to Freud's survival instinct). It will cause more escaping behavior than other negative stimuli, which is called a punishment center (similar to Freud's death instinct). From a biochemical point of view, stimulating the medial forebrain bundle can induce neurotransmitter catecholamines. Secretion of norepinephrine and dopamine. These are the transmitters that cause sympathetic excitation. Stimulation of the periventricular bundle stimulates the secretion of acetylcholine, causing the excitability of the parasympathetic nerves and causing paralysis of the sympathetic nervous system...
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The discussion of the internal factors (internal contradictions) of the psychological process in the Chinese psychology field in the 1960s essentially reflected the explanation of the motive force or mechanism of motivation. Many people acknowledge the need (including individual and social) and ready-made means of meeting the needs. The gap is the internal cause of psychology. The relationship between activities and needs is dialectical. Activities are needed to meet the needs, and activities that meet the needs will generate new needs. Therefore, activities have positive creativity. It can't be confined to the needs of physiology, nor can it be said that people's needs are social. Modern clothes, food, and dwellings are different from ruthlessness and burrowing nests, but the conditions of socialization cannot completely change the fundamentals of activities. nature.In fact, people's physiological needs and psychological or social needs are difficult to completely separate. The needs are also developed. After meeting the original needs, new needs will be generated. This is never-ending. Because of this, it is necessary. It is not fixed, talented, and many social motives must be acquired...
Humanity is not abstract, so motivation is not abstract. In a particular society, the basic pattern of productivity and production relations determines the basic model of motivation. This is especially true for the means of meeting the needs, even in the most basic needs, there are different means of satisfaction in different societies. Naturally, different means of satisfaction will further lead to different motives. |
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