| [Visitor (112.0.*.*)]answers [Chinese ] | Time :2022-05-06 |  Psychological fiction?
History
The pioneer of the psychological novel was the 19th-century French writer Stendhal. Stendhal is good at psychological description, and he is preoccupied with the psychological phenomena of man, leaving everything else out of the ordinary. The psychological depictions of psychological novels reflect the level of development of psychology in the 19th century. His psychological description is the psychological thinking of the conscious layer, limited to the rational analysis of the mind and feelings, and does not involve the reflection of the physiological state of the subconscious layer. Therefore, his psychological description is very calm and rational, full of logic and rationality, which shows the characteristics of the character and the realistic attitude.
Stendhal's psychological description is divided into two levels, social and love psychology, describing the general psychological conditions and spiritual outlook of the times, and carefully analyzing the subtle changes and development processes of love psychology. His expression of the inner tension of the characters has acquired the characteristics of modern consciousness. For this reason, he has been called the "father of the modern novel". Because of the "modernity" expressed by his psychological consciousness, he still has a wide readership in various countries in the world. His masterpiece is The Red and the Black (1830).
Famous psychological novels of the 19th century include Austen's Emma (1816), Flaubert's Madame Bovary (1857) and Tolstoy's Anna Karenina (1877). The plot of psychological novels is usually relatively simple, and the huge production of psychological description is mainly constructed by the psychological description of the characters. The first is to directly describe the psychological activities of the characters, including the thoughts and inner monologues of the characters. The guiding words for the novel to describe the psychological activities of the characters are usually "he thinks", "he continues to think", "he says to himself", "I think", "I say in my heart", etc., which are the clichés of traditional psychological description.
Psychological fiction developed into stream-of-consciousness fiction in the 20th century. Stream-of-consciousness fiction arose in The United Kingdom in the 1920s and spread to Europe and the United States. The stream-of-consciousness novel is a product of modern social consciousness in the West, and its theoretical basis is Bergson's intuitionism, Freud's psychoanalytic theory, and William James's psychology. The concept of "stream of consciousness" was proposed by James, who argued that human conscious activity, like a river, is an uninterrupted flow of subjective thoughts.
state
Psychological fiction arose in sentimental literature in the 18th century. Sentimental literature advocates feelings and appeals to the power of art to feelings. It is named after the English writer Steyn's novel of the same name, "Sentimental Travel" (1768), "Sentimental Travel" and his other novel "Xiang Di Biography" (1765) to describe the complex inner activities and feelings of the characters, full of reverse chronological, illogical associations, so that literature began to have new content, describing the complex impressions and emotions of the characters. The British writer Richardson combined the description of the social environment with the analysis of the psychological activities of the characters, focusing on the feelings and motivations of the characters, and introduced sentimentalism into Western European literature. His representative novels depicting mental activity are Pamela (1741) and Clerissa (1748).Contemporaneous French writer Rousseau's novel "The New Eloise" (1761) and the German writer Goethe's "The Troubles of Young Werther" (1774) were both influenced by sentimental literature, focusing on the inner emotions of the characters and mainly describing the psychology of love...
Stylistic characteristics
Psychological fiction is not a unified literary genre and there is no universally accepted unified definition. It is characterized by breaking the traditional novel basically according to the sequence of storyline occurrence or according to the logical connection between the plots and the formation of a single, straight-line development structure, the narrative of the story is not in chronological order in a straight line, but with the activity of human consciousness, through free association to organize the story. The arrangement of the story and the connection of the plot are generally not subject to the constraints of time, space or logic and causality, and are often manifested as the jumping and changeable time and space, and the lack of close logical connection between time and place between the two scenes before and after. Time is often past, present, and future intersecting or overlapping.This kind of novel is often centered on an event that is underway at the time, through the triggering of triggers, people's conscious activities are constantly emitted and retracted in all directions, and after continuous repetition, forming a branch-like three-dimensional structure. Recognized representative works of stream-of-consciousness fiction include Andrey Beret's "Petersburg", Proust's "Remembrance of the Lost Years", Woolf's "To the Lighthouse", "The Waves" and so on... |
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